Hypogonadism and Mortality in Aged Hospitalized Male Patients: A 5-Year Prospective Observational Study.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the relationship between hypogonadism and mortality in aged hospitalized male patients. DESIGN: A 5-year prospective observational study was conducted. Gonadal function was assessed at hospital admission and mortality was registered in the follow-up period. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We studied all patients≥65 years admitted for any reason during 2010 and 2011. Serum T concentrations were quantified in all patients. Hypogonadism was defined by the presence of serum T levels<200 ng/dl. Number of deaths and all-cause and cardiovascular (CV) mortality were registered until December 31(st), 2014. RESULTS: During the study 150 patients were admitted and 103 (68.7%) of them died during follow-up. Hypogonadism was positively associated with mortality (P=0.036). The percentage of hypogonadal patients was significantly (P=0.02) higher in the group of patients who died in hospital compared with those who died after hospital discharge and those who survived. CV disease was the main cause of death in 52 patients (50.5%). Kaplan-Meier analysis showed a median survival time for all-cause mortality of 2.0 (0-16.5) months and 21.0 (5.0-33.2) months for patients with and without hypogonadism, respectively (P<0.001). Similar findings were found when analyzing mortality due to CV disease (P=0.009). Hypogonadism was a strong independent predictor for all-cause (adjusted multivariate analysis, HR 3.35; 1.55-7.23, P=0.002) and CV mortality (HR 2.14; 1.18-3.86, P=0.012). CONCLUSIONS: Hypogonadism discovered during hospitalization is associated with in-hospital and long-term mortality in elderly male patients and predicts both all-cause mortality and CV mortality in this population.

Natural course of hypogonadism diagnosed during hospitalization in aged male patients.

Our aim was to assess short-term natural course of hypogonadism diagnosed during hospitalization for acute disease in aged male patients after discharge. A group of 43 hypogonadal males, aged 86.7±5.7 year, was studied. Serum concentrations of testosterone (T) and gonadotropins (follicle-stimulating hormone, FSH, and luteinizing hormone, LH) were measured in every patient both at admission and one month after discharge. Mean serum T at entry was 115.4±48.0 ng/dl. Hypogonadism was hyper-, hypo-, and normogonadotropic in 20 (46.5%), 20 (46.5%), and 3 (7.0%) patients, respectively. One month after discharge serum T concentrations increased significantly (230.9±135.6 ng/dl, p<0.001). At this point, more than half of the patients (n=27, 62.8%) showed normal serum T concentrations. Both gonadotropins, FSH (p<0.001), and LH (p=0.04) also increased one month after discharge. Approximately, half of the patients (13, 48.1%) who normalized serum T concentrations also showed normal serum gonadotropin concentrations. Patients who normalized their serum T concentrations one month after discharge showed significantly higher baseline values of T (134.7±33.9 ng/dl) than those who persisted with hypogonadism (n=16, 32.7%; 82.8±51.6 ng/dl, p<0.001). Lastly, serum T was the only independent predictor for achieving eugonadal status (OR 1.030; CI 95%, 1.010-1.050; p<0.001). In conclusion, about 63% of aged patients hospitalized for acute illness with hypogonadism discovered during hospitalization spontaneously normalize their serum T concentrations one month after discharge. Serum gonadotropin concentrations also increased after discharge. Serum T levels at admission was an independent predictor for the normalization of serum T concentrations.

Hypogonadism in aged hospitalized male patients: prevalence and clinical outcome.

OBJECTIVE: Male hypogonadism is common in the elderly and has been associated with increased risk of mortality. Our objective has been to assess the prevalence of primary and central hypogonadism in elderly male patients admitted to the hospital because of acute illness. We also evaluated the relationships between gonadal dysfunction and in-hospital mortality. PATIENTS AND METHODS: 150 patients, aged ≥65 years, admitted during 2010 and 2011 in our geriatric unit, were studied. Serum concentrations total, bioavailable and free testosterone, as well as of follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone were quantified in every patient. Hypogonadism was defined by the presence of serum testosterone levels lower than 200 ng/dl. RESULTS: Hypogonadism was found in 80 patients (53.3 %). Serum gonadotropin concentrations were elevated in 43.7 % of these patients, whereas 41.3 % of hypogonadic patients showed normal and 15 % low gonadotropin concentrations. Respiratory tract infection and congestive heart failure were the main causes of hospitalization in hypogonadal men, whereas acute cerebrovascular disease was the main reason for admission in eugonadal patients. Of the 13 patients who died during hospitalization, 12 were hypogonadic. Patients who died showed significantly lower serum levels of total, free and bioavailable testosterone than those found in patients who survived. CONCLUSION: Our results show that about half of patients admitted for acute illness have hypogonadism, mainly of non-hypergonadotropic type. Gonadal hypofunction is significantly related with in-hospital mortality. A low value of serum testosterone may be a predictor for mortality in elderly male patients.

Serum thyrotropin concentration is an early marker of normalization of low triiodothyronine syndrome in aged hospitalized patients after discharge.

OBJECTIVES: To assess short-term spontaneous evolution of alterations in thyroid function tests in aged hospitalized patients after discharge. METHODS: A group of 146 patients (mean age±SD 85.9±6.2 yr) was studied. Serum concentrations of TSH, free T4 (FT4), and free T3 (FT3) were evaluated in every patient both after admission and 1 month after discharge. RESULTS: At entry, both serum TSH [median (interquartile range), 2.19mU/l (0.89-2.31)] and FT4 (mean±SD, 16.7±3.4 pmol/l) concentrations were into the normal range, whereas serum FT3 concentrations were low (3.3±0.7 pmol/l). After discharge TSH and FT4 concentrations remained normal and FT3 low. However, both serum TSH [2.53 mU/l (1.24-3.33); p<0.01] and FT3 (3.7±1.0 pmol/l; p<0.001) concentrations significantly increased. Most patients (no.=124, 84.9%) showed the euthyroid sick syndrome (ESS). After discharge, ESS diminished to 76 (52.1%) subjects. Patients who normalized thyroid function tests showed significantly lower TSH values at entry compared with those who persisted with altered thyroid function tests [1.27 mU/l (0.69-1.89) vs 1.69mU/l (0.96-2.91), p<0.05]. Logistic regression analysis showed that serum levels of TSH at admission was the only variable negatively related to normalization of thyroid function [odds ratio 0.730; confidence interval 95%, 0.567-0.940; p=0.01). CONCLUSIONS: About 35%of aged patients hospitalized for acute illness spontaneously normalize their thyroid function tests 1 month after discharge, mainly due to the correction of ESS. Serum TSH levels at admission seem to be the only variable negatively related to normalization of thyroid function at this time.

Severe hyperthyroidism: aetiology, clinical features and treatment outcome.

BACKGROUND: Severe hyperthyroidism (SH) is a serious medical disorder that can compromise life. There have not been systematic studies in which SH has been evaluated in detail. Here, our aims were: (1) to analyse both clinical and analytical features and outcome in patients with SH and (2) to compare these data with those found in more usual forms of hyperthyroidism. Patients and methods All patients diagnosed of SH (free thyroxine, FT4 > 100 pmol/l, NR: 11-23) seen in our endocrinology clinic in the last 15 years were studied and compared with a sample of patients with mild (mH; FT4, 23-50 pmol/l) and moderate (MH; FT4, 51-100 pmol/l) hyperthyroidism. Aetiology, clinical analytical and imaging data at diagnosis, therapeutic response and outcome were registered. Results A total of 107 patients with overt hyperthyroidism (81 females, mean age +/- SD 46.9 +/- 16.1 years) were evaluated. We studied a historic group with SH (n = 21; 14 females, 40.9 +/- 17.2 years) and, as a comparator group, we analyszed the data of 86 hyperthyroid patients (67 females, 48.4 +/- 15.5.6 years, NS) comparable in age and gender. The comparator group was classified in MH (n = 37, 26 females, 47.2 +/- 16.6 years) and mH (n = 49, 41 females, 49.4 +/- 14.8 years). In comparison with mH group, SH patients were significantly (P < 0.05) younger and showed a greater proportion of first episode of thyroid hyperfunction (P < 0.05). Graves' disease was the main aetiology in the three groups, but patients with SH showed the highest titre of TSH-receptor antibodies (TRAb) (P < 0.001). Heart rate and size of goitre were higher in SH group than in mH and MH groups (P < 0.01). Atrial fibrillation was more frequently reported in SH group than in MH and mH groups (15.8%vs. 5.4% and 0%, respectively, P < 0.05). RESULTS: from logistic regression analysis showed that younger age [OR 0.958 (95% CI, 0.923-0.995), P = 0.026], presence of asthenia [OR 4.35 (1.48-12.78), P = 0.008] and higher heart rate [OR 1.03 (1.01-1.06), P = 0.013] were independent clinical variables associated to SH. SH patients showed similar biochemical parameters in comparison with mH group, except for increased serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST) (P < 0.01) and calcium (P < 0.05) levels, and decreased serum cholesterol (P < 0.05) and albumin (P < 0.05) concentrations. Logistic regression analysis showed that only AST [OR 1.07 (1.02-1.11), P = 0.005] was an independent biochemical variable associated to SH. No differences in the type of therapy, cure rate and time in achieving cure were found in SH subjects in relation to patients with milder forms of hyperthyroidism. FT4 was the only independent predictor of cure [OR 0.98 (CI 95%, 0.97-0.99), P < 0.05]. CONCLUSIONS: Graves' disease is the most common aetiology in patients with SH. This type of hyperthyroidism is usually de novo and is accompanied by more clinical signs, symptoms, and analytical derangements, as well as higher titres of TRAb at diagnosis than milder forms of hyperthyroidism. The present data are not able to show differences in treatment modality, time to achieve cure, and remission rate among patients with mild, moderate and severe hyperthyroidism.

[Can FT3 levels facilitate the detection of inflammation or catabolism and malnutrition in dialysis patients?]. / ¿Pueden los niveles de T3L facilitar la detección de estados inflamatorios o de catabolismo y desnutrición en enfermos en diálisis?

INTRODUCTION: Low serum free triiodothyronine (FT3) levels have been reported in a high percentage of chronic renal failure (CRF) patients and have been considered as independent predictors of mortality in both hemodialysis (HD) and peritoneal dialysis (PD). A reduction in thyroid function in dialysis patients could be a marker of malnutrition and/or inflammation. OBJECTIVE: Our aim has been to evaluate the incidence of low T3 syndrome in a group of dialysis patients and analyze its relationship with different parameters of malnutrition and inflammation. PATIENTS AND METHODS We included 32 stable dialysis patients (24 HD and 8 DP); mean age +/- SD 71.2 +/- 11.7 years; 46.9% males; 15.6% diabetics; mean time on dialysis 47 +/- 43 months. The following parameters were measured in every patient: thyrothropin (TSH), Free T4 (FT4) and Free T3 (FT3); biochemical data related to nutritional status; anthropometric measurements, bioelectrical impedance vector analysis (BIVA), and dietary survey of three consecutive days. Statistical analysis was performed by using SPSS 11.0. RESULTS: Mean hormonal values of thyroid function were: TSH 2,2 +/- 1.5 U/ml (range: 0,4-5.0); FT4 14.7 +/- 2.3 pmol/l (range: 11.0-23.0) and FT3 4,0 +/- 0.71 pmol/l (range: 3.95-6.80). Only 2 patients (6.3%) showed low FT4 levels and another 2 patients increased TSH levels, whereas 17 patients (53.1%) presented with low FT3 levels. We did not found any correlation between serum FT3, FT4 and TSH levels. We found a correlation between FT3 and inflammation/nutritional parameters: prealbumin (r = 0,36; p = 0,04); transferrin (r = 0,40; p = 0,025); PCR (r = -0.38; p = 0,039); and IGF-I (r = 0,38; p = 0,03); body mass index (BMI) (r = 0,51; p = 0,002); arm circumference (AC) (r = 0,65; p = 0,000), and arm muscle circumference (AMC) (r = 0,72; p = 0,000). FT3 levels were also correlated with BIVA parameters: phase angle (r = 0,54; p = 0,002); muscle mass percentage (r = 0,49; p = 0,005); and cell mass percentage (r = 0,53; p = 0,02), but not with any data of fat mass. AMC was the only variable that independently correlated with FT3 levels in the multivariate regression analysis (r = 0,69; r2: 0,48; p = 0,000) CONCLUSION: Half of our dialysis patients have decreased levels of serum FT3 without alteration on FT4 or TSH. Low FT3 levels are correlated bioquimical and anthropometric parameters indicators of malnutrition and inflammation. Periodical measurement of FT3 levels could be used by clinicians as an accesible and reproducible method to detect such states.

Can FT3 levels facilitate the detection of inflammation or catabolism and malnutrition in dialysis patients?

Introduction: Low serum free triiodothyronine (FT3) levels have been reported in a high percentage of chronic renal failure (CRF) patients and have been considered as independent predictors of mortality in both haemodialysis (HD) and peritoneal dialysis (PD). A reduction in thyroid function in dialysis patients could be a marker of malnutrition and/or inflammation. Objective: Our aim has been to evaluate the incidence of low T3 syndrome in a group of dialysis patients and analyze its relationship with different parameters of malnutrition and inflammation. Patients and Methods: We included 32 stable dialysis patients (24 HD and 8 DP); mean age ± SD 71.2 ± 11.7 years; 46.9% males; 15.6% diabetics; mean time on dialysis 47 ± 43 months. The following parameters were measured in every patient: thyrothropin (TSH), Free T4 (FT4) and Free T3 (FT3); biochemical data related to nutritional status; anthropometric measurements, bioelectrical impedance vector analysis (BIVA), and dietary survey of three consecutive days. Statistical analysis was performed by using SPSS 11.0. Results: Mean hormonal values of thyroid function were: TSH 2,2 ± 1.5 U/ml (range: 0,4-5.0); FT4 14.7 ± 2.3 pmol/l (range: 11.0-23.0) and FT3 4,0±0.71 pmol/l (range: 3.95-6.80). Only 2 patients (6.3%) showed low FT4 levels and another 2 patients increased TSH levels, whereas 17 patients (53.1%) presented with low FT3 levels. We did not found any correlation between serum FT3, FT4 and TSH levels. We found a correlation between FT3 and inflammation/nutritional parameters: prealbumin (r = 0,36; p = 0,04); transferrin (r = 0,40; p = 0,025); PCR (r = -0.38; p = 0,039); and IGF-I (r = 0,38; p = 0,03); body mass index (BMI) (r = 0,51; p = 0,002); arm circumference (AC) (r = 0,65; p = 0,000), and arm muscle circumference (AMC) (r = 0,72; p = 0,000). FT3 levels were also correlated with BIVA parameters: phase angle (r = 0,54; p = 0,002); muscle mass percentage (r = 0,49; p = 0,005); and cell mass percentage (r = 0,53; p = 0,02), but not with any data of fat mass. AMC was the only variable that independently correlated with FT3 levels in the multivariate regression analysis (r = 0,69; r2: 0,48; p = 0,000). Conclusion: Half of our dialysis patientshave decreased levels of serum FT3 without alteration on FT4 or TSH. Low FT3 levels are correlated bioquimical and anthropometric parameters indicators of malnutrition and inflammation. Periodical measurement of FT3 levels could be used by clinicians as an accessible and reproducible method to detect such states (AU)

Introducción: Un alto porcentaje de pacientes en diálisis presenta niveles séricos disminuidos de triiodotironina libre (T3L), y algunos autores han mostrado su relación con marcadores de inflamación. Niveles bajos de T3L también se han mostrado como predictores independientes de mortalidad en diálisis. Objetivo: Evaluar la incidencia de síndrome T3L baja en un grupo de pacientes en diálisis y analizar su relación con diferentes parámetros de malnutrición e inflamación. Pacientes y métodos: Se estudiaron 32 pacientes estables en diálisis (24 hemodiálisis y 8 diálisis peritoneal), edad (media ± DS) 71,2 ± 11,7 años; 46,9% varones; 15,6% diabéticos; media de tiempo en diálisis 47 ± 43 meses. En cada paciente se cuantificó: tirotropina, T4 Libre y T3L; parámetros bioquímicos relacionados con nutrición e inflamación; parámetros antropométricos, composición corporal mediante bioimpedancia eléctrica con análisis vectorial e ingesta de nutrientes. El análisis estadístico se hizo usando un SPSS 11.0. Resultados: La media de los valores de las hormonas tiroideas fue: TSH 2,2 ± 1,5 U/ml (rango 0,4-5,0), T4L 14,7 ± 2,3 pmol/l (rango: 11,0-23,0) y T3L 4,0 ± 0,71 pmol/l (rango: 3,95-6,80). Sólo dos pacientes (6,3%) mostraron niveles de T4L bajos, y otros dos pacientes aumento de TSH, mientras que 17 pacientes (53,1%) presentaron niveles bajos de T3L. No encontramos ninguna correlación entre los niveles de T3L, T4L y TSH. Los niveles de T3L se correlacionaron con parámetros de inflamación/ nutrición: prealbúmina (r = 0,36; p = 0,04); transferrina (r = 0,40; p = 0,025); proteína C reactiva (r = - 0,38; p = 0,039); y factor de crecimiento similar a la insulina (r = 0,38; p = 0,03); índice de masa corporal (r = 0,51; p = 0,002); circunferencia de brazo (r = 0,65; p = 0,000); perímetro muscular de brazo (r = 0,72; p = 0,000), ángulo de fase (r = 0,57; p = 0,001); porcentaje de masa muscular (r = 0,49; p = 0,005) y porcentaje de masa celular (r = 0,54; p = 0,002). En el análisis de regresión lineal múltiple, el perímetro muscular del brazo fue la única variable que mostró asociación independiente con los niveles de T3L (r = 0,69; p = 0,000). Conclusión: Alrededor del 50% de los pacientes en diálisis tienen niveles séricos disminuidos de T3L sin alteración de TSH o T4L. Estos niveles se correlacionan con parámetros de malnutrición e inflamación. Su determinación periódica podría facilitar al clínico un método accesible y reproducible de detección de estos estados (AU)

Alterations in thyroid function tests in aged hospitalized patients: prevalence, aetiology and clinical outcome.

BACKGROUND: Thyroid dysfunction is common in aged people and has recently been associated to mortality. AIMS: Our aims have been (1) to assess the prevalence of alterations in thyroid function tests in hospitalized patients over age 60 years and (2) to study the relationship between thyroid functional status and mortality during hospitalization. METHODS: We studied a group of 447 patients (62% women), aged 61-101 year, hospitalized during 2005. Thyroid dysfunction was assessed by measuring serum concentrations of thyrotrophin (TSH), free thyroxine (FT4), and free thriiodothyronine (FT3). Thyroid autoimmune status was evaluated through thyroid peroxidase (TPO) and thyroglobulin (TG) antibodies quantification. RESULTS: Twenty-one patients (4.7%, 19 women) showed previously known thyroid dysfunction. 332 patients (74.3%) showed alterations in thyroid function tests. Euthyroid sick syndrome (ESS) was the derangement more frequently found (n = 278, 62.2%). After excluding ESS patients, 60 patients (13.4%) showed thyroid dysfunction: overt hypothyroidism, 14 (3.1%); subclinical hypothyroidism, 25 (5.6%); overt hyperthyroidism, 11 (2.5%), and subclinical hyperthyroidism, 10 patients (2.2%). Thyroid autoimmunity was positive in only 4.0% and 2.3% of patients, for TPOAb and TgAb, respectively. The presence of alterations in thyroid function tests was positively associated with the age of the patients and mortality during hospital stay (P < 0.001). Serum levels of FT3 were negatively related to death during hospitalization (OR 0.56; CI 95%, 0.38-0.81; P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: About three quarters of patients admitted in our geriatric unit exhibited alterations in thyroid function tests. This finding was associated with elevated age and poor prognosis. The reduction of FT3 values was a powerful predictor for mortality during hospitalization in elderly patients.

Antimicrobial susceptibilities of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli to 12 beta-lactam agents and combinations with beta-lactamase inhibitors.

The in vitro activities of 12 beta-lactam agents against 100 thermophilic Campylobacter strains were tested. Beta-Lactamase production was detected in 88% of all strains tested. Clavulanic acid was the best inhibitor by susceptibility testing. The beta-lactams which displayed high levels of in vitro activity against Campylobacter isolates were imipenem, amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, and cefepime and, to a lesser degree, amoxicillin, ampicillin, and cefotaxime.